AI

Unofficial, machine-generated summaries, as of 2026-11-09.

Dr. Jon KrohnHow Enterprises Become AI-First Companies (with Matt Glickman)
  • Ask "why can't an agent do this?" before every hire. Glickman says firms must force the question in the negative because their processes were built for the world before the "February moment", which he likens to crossing an event horizon. A newly launched hedge-fund customer has an advantage over legacy rivals by working out what AIs can do before hiring anyone; he predicts a bifurcation in which firms that cannot adapt will disappear, faster than expected.
  • AI self-service demos stalled without capable models and harnesses. Glickman says he and Justin Langseth founded Genesis about two years ago after watching Snowflake customers try AI self-service for business users and plateau at 80%, short on both model capability and harnesses to steer the models. Genesis is an agentic platform focused solely on data engineering.
  • Software built for revenue beats software built for internal cost. His Goldman story: provisioning a machine on the bank's private cloud took about 3 months, and a quant who deleted an unneeded mount point made a global change that "takes out half of Goldman". He says AWS gets this right not through better engineering but because every second EC2 is down costs revenue, and he applies the same logic to Genesis.
  • Agents can test every report where human consultants only sample. He describes a customer migrating with a traditional consultancy that must test 30,000 reports and will sample them, leaving business users as testers, whereas an AI would run all 30,000 and document every fault. He says he has never met a data engineer who wants to do more data engineering.
Professor G MarketsTrump Gets Nothing From Iran Peace Plan
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Professor G MarketsREPLAY with Jessica Tarlov & Scott Galloway: Iran Ceasefire
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Professor G MarketsTrump Threatened to End Iranian Civilization — What Comes Next?
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Dr. Jon KrohnWhy New York Is the Best Place to Build an AI Startup (with Matt Glickman)
  • New York beats the Bay Area for enterprise AI startups. Glickman concedes the Bay suits consumer products because of its engineering concentration, though retention is hard there, but says New York's cross-industry concentration in finance, healthcare and media is unprecedented, and that since COVID being able to meet clients on site without a plane is "game-changing".
  • Finance and healthcare, late to cloud, are early to AI. He says their operational complexity had no answer until now, models are trained on vast text about these industries, and they worry less about IP leaking into models. Media and gaming, early cloud adopters, are now late to AI for fear of content leaking into models.
  • Models know the industry but not how a given firm works. Glickman says frontier models understand finance's semantics and processes, but not how JP Morgan's practice differs from Goldman's or Citi's in people, databases and data flows, the "context graph" now being discussed. Much of it is never written down, so when a burnt-out data engineer leaves, as at one private-equity design partner, knowledge walks out the door.
  • Agents should rebuild undocumented knowledge from everything the firm holds. He says Genesis's onboarding reads every database, line of code, email and communication to build a context graph of what exists and how it got that way, such as why a customer-retention calculation changed. Some history cannot be recovered but much can, and once captured it no longer leaves with departing staff.
Professor G MarketsLIVE with Jessica Tarlov & Scott Galloway: Iran Ceasefire
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Professor G MarketsTrump Threatens to Wipe Out Iran and Triggers 25th Amendment Calls — with Katie Phang
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Professor G MarketsIran Deadline Looms for an Economy on the Edge
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Dr. Jon KrohnEx-Goldman, Ex-Snowflake: AI Will Replace Junior Hires (Ep. 981 with Matt Glickman)
synopsis

Matt Glickman, co-founder of Genesis Computing after nearly 25 years at Goldman Sachs and an early product role at Snowflake, argues that February 2026 was an "event horizon": models became capable of complex, multi-step data engineering, so enterprises must now ask why an agent cannot do a job before hiring a person. His position by the end is that agents can outperform humans at this work if a harness makes them prove their results, a crawled context graph supplies the firm's unwritten knowledge, and the system runs inside the client's own environment. The cost lands on junior hiring, not on today's staff.

From Goldman to Snowflake. At Goldman, Glickman ran the data platform for the quants, which helped the firm manage risk through the financial crisis; afterwards everyone wanted to run on one copy of the data, a "big user problem" rather than a big-data one. Around 2014 a Snowflake founder pitched separating compute from storage in the cloud to a room of Goldman skeptics. Glickman applied for the only job listed, the company thought this was how Goldman vetted vendors, and he went on to lead product, commuting between New York and the Bay Area every other week.

Why New York, and why finance. For enterprise startups he rates New York above the Bay Area for its concentration of finance, healthcare and media. Finance and healthcare, late to the cloud, are early to AI because of their operational complexity and because models are trained on so much text about them; media and gaming, early to cloud, now hang back for fear of content leaking into models.

The founding insight. Snowflake customers' AI self-service demos plateaued at about 80%, lacking both model capability and harnesses. Glickman also argues that products built for revenue beat internal tools built for cost: on Goldman's private cloud a machine took about 3 months to provision, and one quant's deleted mount point "takes out half of Goldman", whereas EC2 is honed because downtime costs money.

Proof, confidence and escalation. Glickman says humans get too much credit for accuracy, but warns against "single shot and yolo". Models do the minimum, so Genesis's blueprints set runbooks for extraction and source-to-target mapping, require artifacts proving that every one of 30,000 reports was run, and have a second AI check the results. Since reasoning models arrived "early last year", agents can state their confidence, for example 90% with one open question. Genesis inverts the co-pilot pattern: agents work for hours and escalate only when unsure, and each answer is stored for next time. Customers are now asking for work further up the stack, such as board presentations.

The living context graph. Much institutional knowledge is never documented and leaves with burnt-out data engineers. Genesis's onboarding crawls databases, repositories and SaaS tools into a graph of data relationships; given tools to navigate it, the head agent, Eve, traces a report's lineage to source a new column. Glickman predicts firm-owned graphs like this will be valued in M&A. Genesis deploys inside the client's environment, managed by an AI engineer, and the knowledge stays the client's asset.

Jobs and timing. He says existing staff will not lose jobs but junior hiring will shrink, with a few "conductors" running many agents as special hires, and he worries that schools still discourage AI. On when to jump into a shift, his test is "why am I seeing this before other people?", with windows now shorter. He notes that a famous computer scientist of about 90 had just published a paper co-written with an AI, but says AI has not yet broadly discovered new things.

  • The "February moment" was an event horizon for enterprise AI. Glickman, who spent nearly 25 years at Goldman Sachs, led product at Snowflake and co-founded Genesis Computing about two years ago, says February 2026's models made clear "this is not slowing down"; the host frames it as doubling or tripling the length of human task models can handle. Glickman says firms must now ask "why can't an agent do this?" before hiring, and predicts those that cannot adapt will "literally disappear", faster than expected.
  • Agents must prove their work, not just claim it. He says models inherited a "human laziness factor", doing the minimum and saying a job looks good, so Genesis's harness uses runbook-style "blueprints", demands artifacts proving, for example, that all 30,000 reports in a migration were run, and has a second AI check them. Since reasoning models arrived, agents can report their confidence; Genesis inverts the co-pilot model so agents work for hours and escalate only when unsure, storing each human answer (such as what "revenue" means) for next time.
  • A crawled context graph captures knowledge that was never written down. Glickman says models know finance but not how a given bank works, and that knowledge walks out the door with burnt-out data engineers. Genesis onboarding crawls databases, code, documents and SaaS tools into a graph of data relationships its agents navigate, "similar to how Google crawled the internet". He predicts such firm-owned knowledge graphs will become a valued variable in M&A.
  • Genesis deploys inside the client's environment to win trust. He says he now appreciates how rare it was for Snowflake to persuade enterprises to send data to a SaaS, so Genesis installs inside the customer's perimeter with an AI engineer managing the system; the accumulated knowledge stays the client's, and Genesis gets no telemetry they do not choose to give. Finance and healthcare dominate its customers.
  • AI will cut junior hiring, not existing jobs. Glickman says "no one's losing their job" among existing staff, who get 10x more done, but junior data, analyst and operator hiring is already shrinking; a few "conductors" running many agents in parallel will be special hires. He worries most schools still discourage AI use, a "double whammy" for graduates.
Professor G MarketsChina’s New AI Models Are Moving Faster Than Expected
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Professor G MarketsTrump Issues Insane Iran Ultimatum as Ceasefire Talks Collapse — with Lulu Garcia-Navarro
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Professor G MarketsThe Skills That Matter Most in the Age of AI – with Aneesh Raman
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Dr. Jon KrohnA Chief AI Officer Won’t Fix Your AI Problems (with Rohit Choudhary)
  • A chief AI officer alone won't fix enterprise AI. The host relays Choudhary's article arguing that AI is a capability to be woven through the business rather than a standalone initiative, and that chief AI officers will likely start disappearing from org charts; the host adds that past guests said CAIOs often last barely a year because they lack the power to make change. Choudhary accepts that and adds his own diagnosis.
  • Enterprise AI is a data, use-case and adoption problem. Choudhary says enterprises still lack the right data, must pick critical use cases with narrow boundaries and be clear about which outcomes are deterministic and which probabilistic, because proofs of concept that never reach production breed disappointment. Enterprise needs specific answers, not generic ChatGPT-style content.
  • Enterprise AI is about to take off, as cloud did. Choudhary predicts "massive use cases" from enterprises in the next 12 to 18 months: front- and middle-office automation is already done and the back office is next. He compares it to cloud adoption, which slowed and then surged once security, privacy and governance capabilities and reference architectures matured.
Professor G MarketsHow to Invest When Nothing Makes Sense
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Dr. Jon KrohnAI Is Collapsing Job Roles—Here’s What Matters Now (with Rohit Choudhary)
  • Clear thinking and domain expertise now beat programming skill. Choudhary, founder of Acceldata, says the transition from human-only system design to agents and humans working together means that anyone capable of critical thinking and structured language can accomplish a lot, where the old paradigm demanded strong programming plus business domain knowledge. He calls OpenClaw a fascinating moment, and expects domain expertise to be spent training internal agents and fine-tuning LLMs or SLMs.
  • Small and large language models will share the enterprise stack. Choudhary predicts an "XPU" architecture of CPUs, GPUs and ASICs running both, with much IP embedded in small models for privacy reasons; the host adds that his own fine-tuned open-source Llama models of a few billion parameters excel at narrow tasks given high-quality training data.
  • AI is breaking the centralisation model of data. After 10 to 12 years of pushing all data into lakes and warehouses, Choudhary argues there is no time for such large-scale migrations at AI's speed, so models must move to where the data resides, and he concludes that LLMs plus SLMs, not LLMs alone, will win.
Professor G MarketsHow Partiful Is Fixing the Loneliness Crisis
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Dr. Jon KrohnWhy Most Enterprise Data Isn’t Ready for AI (with Rohit Choudhary)
  • Agents making decisions need highly accurate underlying data. Choudhary's example: if a customer whose credit report says 690 is offered terms meant for 760, the decision is wrong, and as agents take over underwriting and loan processing, the gap between real and recorded data becomes a direct business risk.
  • Data readiness means technical accuracy, business context and verifiability. Choudhary says technical accuracy, numbers being numbers and addresses being addresses, is now largely solved after much progress in 5 years. The harder part is checking structured facts against business context held in documents, policies and regulatory obligations, and verifying data as it moves through pipelines; he says Acceldata's agentic data management (ADM) points users to the important datasets, recommends and applies rules, and gives remediation steps.
  • AI will unlock the backlog of unusable unstructured data. He predicts data that could not be used for machine learning or analytics will become usable within a couple of years, by vectorising business context and using data lakes and warehouses for the facts.
AI Analyst LabHow to plan an analysis before you run it (Claude Code demo)
synopsis

This lightning lesson, given by the presenter, argues that the costliest analytics mistake is designing the wrong analysis, not writing bad SQL. It ends on a method: fill a seven-line analysis design brief and agree it with stakeholders before running any queries. A Claude Code skill pipeline sharpens the hypothesis, scans for confounds and produces a shareable V1 plan, which is meant to go through stakeholder feedback into a V2.

Clarify before you query. An opening poll asks what to do when a VP says conversion dropped last week and wants a reply within an hour. Most attendees chose clarifying questions: which conversion is meant, compared with what period, and why the VP is asking. The presenter notes that the same question comes up in tech-company interviews. In a quick demo, one sentence typed into Claude Code, with the repo's existing context, produced those questions, seven hypotheses ranked by likelihood, three first checks and a draft Slack reply. The ranking is generic until the model is given company context.

The seven lines. Question, decision, hypothesis, comparison, segments, confounds, criteria. The decision line asks what the stakeholder will do with the result, and "just curious" does not justify the effort. A hypothesis must be falsifiable. Default comparisons ignore seasonality and promotions, so look for a natural experiment such as a widget removed on mobile but kept on desktop. Segments expose Simpson's paradox, and the most useful ones are specific to the company. Confounds should be listed in advance: a loyalty restructure, a 15%-off promo or a changed tracking pixel in the same period. Criteria, such as accepting if mobile consumables fell more than 3 percentage points while desktop did not, separate investigation from rationalization. Skipping lines produces the four failure modes the presenter names: the scoping black hole, the fishing expedition, Simpson's paradox and attribution error.

The CartLoop demo. A PM's hunch was that removing a post-purchase recommendations widget lowered the repeat purchase rate, backed by support tickets about missing suggestions. The skill ran three stages: a hypothesis sharpener (assumptions, metric definition, comparison groups, accept/reject criteria), a confound scanner (concurrent changes, data-quality threats and selection bias around a 3.77 pp decline), and an investigation plan. It then exported the V1 plan to a Google Doc. The V1 run and the V2 plan were shown as copies made beforehand, not run live. The confounds came from the supplied dataset; at work, the presenter says, they come through MCPs connected to an experimentation platform and Slack.

Q&A and the hosts' views. The host said Claude Code reasons well with little company context but better with more, and he feeds it through Notion, Google and Slack MCPs, past-analysis repos and the codebase. On connecting Snowflake to dashboards, he pointed to his company's Sigma MCP and to a skill of his that refreshes a stakeholder's Google Doc or Notion page. On acting on insights, he described prototyping changes in a sandbox of production code before handing off to engineers. To a new graduate, a co-host advised learning fundamentals and AI workflows together. The host predicted that the analyst's job will shift from doing analysis to building agentic systems that do it, with less validation needed as models improve.

  • Designing the wrong analysis wastes more time than bad SQL. The presenter's test case is a VP saying "conversion dropped last week" and wanting an answer within an hour. The first step is to clarify which conversion is meant, compared with what (week over week, year over year), and why the VP is asking. Given only that one sentence plus the repo's CLAUDE.md and skills, Claude Code asked those questions, ranked seven hypotheses by likelihood, named three checks to run first and drafted a Slack reply. The presenter notes that the ranking reflects generic patterns until it is given company context.
  • Fill a seven-line design brief before running anything. The lines are question, decision, hypothesis, comparison, segments, confounds and criteria, and the presenter calls the brief "a thinking tool", not a checklist. The decision line means asking the stakeholder what they would do with the answer: "just curious" is not a decision, while "rework checkout or brief marketing, by a deadline" is. A hypothesis must be falsifiable, naming the magnitude, the category and the customer type, because "pull the data and confirm" builds in confirmation bias.
  • Comparisons, segments, confounds and criteria are where analyses fail. The presenter's examples: prefer a natural experiment (mobile removed a widget, desktop kept it) to a default week-over-week comparison that a holiday or promotion can distort. Check segments specific to your company for Simpson's paradox; in the presenter's company, whether a user had previously paid is one. List concurrent changes, such as a loyalty restructure, a 15%-off promo or a changed mobile tracking pixel. Write down the accept and reject criteria first, e.g. accept if mobile consumables fell more than 3 percentage points and desktop did not, reject if the drop is uniform. The presenter's slogan: "2 minutes of design prevents two weeks of wasted work."
  • An analysis-design skill turned a PM's hunch into a V1 plan. The demo is "CartLoop", a home-goods marketplace whose PM thinks removing a post-purchase recommendations widget cut repeat purchases. A hypothesis sharpener drew out the assumptions (the widget is the main driver, the drop is uniform, nothing else changed) and set comparison groups and accept/reject criteria. A confound scanner examined the claimed 3.77 pp decline for product, marketing, technical and data-quality changes and selection bias. A third stage ranked the investigation. The plan was exported to a Google Doc after an expired auth token was renewed live. Running V1 on the data and the V2 plan revised after stakeholder feedback were not done live: the presenter showed copies made beforehand.
  • The host predicts analysts will build agent systems, not analyses. He says the job is shifting toward building agentic systems that do analysis, which for now still need heavy validation. He expects that need to shrink, the way hallucination checking did after GPT-3.5. He says he feeds Claude Code context through Notion, Google and Slack MCPs, repos of past analyses and the product codebase. He also says he never wants to maintain a dashboard again and sees stakeholders building their own once they trust the data.
Professor G MarketsWhat to Do if AI Comes for Your Job — with Aneesh Raman
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Professor G MarketsTrump Axes Bondi and Pete Hegseth’s Military Purge Sparks Outrage — with Jack Cocchiarella
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Professor G MarketsThe Social Media Reckoning Has Begun — ft. Jonathan Haidt
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Dr. Jon KrohnAI Making Theoretical Physics Breakthroughs (Ep. 980 with Jon Krohn)
  • AI helped show a textbook "zero" gluon amplitude isn't zero. The host reports that Andrew Strominger (Harvard), Alfredo Guevara (IAS), David Skinner (Cambridge) and Alexandru Lupsasca (Vanderbilt, now at OpenAI) suspected that single-minus gluon scattering amplitudes, long held by textbooks to be zero, survive in the "half-collinear" regime. After about a year of hand calculation they were stuck on generalising beyond four or five gluons.
  • The model simplified, conjectured, and an internal model proved it. He relays that GPT-5.2 Pro reduced a 32-variable expression to a one-line product and within minutes proposed what it called "the obvious generalization" for any number of gluons, which passed quantum-field-theory consistency checks. An internal OpenAI model the researchers nicknamed "Superchat" then produced a formal proof after about 12 hours of autonomous reasoning, which the physicists verified; the preprint went up on arXiv on February 12.
  • The method extended to gravitons in a second preprint. On March 4 the team posted a follow-up in which, the host reports, GPT-5.2 Pro used the gluon results and some guidance to construct the analogous single-minus amplitudes for gravitons. He quotes Lupsasca saying the hard part is now verification and write-up, not the physics, and Strominger likening the AI to a presumptuous colleague.
  • The results are narrow and unreviewed. The host lists the caveats: the preprints are not peer-reviewed, cover a specific regime at tree level only without loop corrections, and relied on humans to define the problem, supply data and verify. He cites UCLA's Zvi Bern saying the ideas are not revolutionary but a machine doing this is, and Demis Hassabis's view that AI generating novel hypotheses from scratch is still years away.
  • His lesson is augmented human science, not autonomous AI science. The host's own conclusion is that AI conjectures from patterns while experts verify through rigorous maths and consistency checks, a template he expects to scale to pure maths, drug discovery and materials science, and he predicts "much more of this will be happening soon".
Professor G MarketsMarriage Is the Biggest Financial Risk You’ll Take — with James Sexton
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Professor G MarketsSchools Are Teaching Kids the Wrong Things — with Ted Dintersmith
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Professor G MarketsPam Bondi Fired as Trump Promised Big News on the Iran War and Delivered Nothing — With Marc Elias
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Professor G MarketsWhy So Bullish? Markets Cling to Iran Hopes
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Dr. Jon KrohnWhy Fixing Data Late Is 1000x More Expensive (with Rohit Choudhary)
  • Fixing data at consumption costs far more than at entry. The host relays Choudhary's claim that it is almost a thousand times more expensive, and that Acceldata is the only product monitoring the whole data supply chain. Choudhary likens it to braking early rather than crashing on Highway 101: bad data invites regulators, degrades customers' decisions and consumes the time needed to innovate, and because every transformation, copy and streaming or batch movement changes something, unfixed errors surface only when a customer complains.
  • Most data engineering effort goes to old problems. Choudhary says 70 to 75% of data engineering effort today is spent fixing old problems rather than modernising.
Professor G MarketsHow Trump and Billionaires Bend the Rules (And Get Away With It) — with Pablo Torre
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Professor G MarketsREPLAY: Mia Silverio on The Science of Storytelling
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Professor G MarketsBrutal Quarter Ends With a Rally — But Risks Are Rising
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Dr. Jon KrohnWhat is Agentic Data Management? Why Does it Matter? (with Rohit Choudhary)
  • ChatGPT inspired "deep research" over enterprise metadata. Choudhary says the ChatGPT moment showed Acceldata that combining the signals it already gathered across infrastructure, user and application layers would let people do deep research on their own data and find valuable insights. He says the platform is not mainly for BI reports but helps data leaders, stewards and engineers curate the datasets with the most operational benefit.
  • At petabyte scale, manual data-quality work is no longer possible. His example is a CMO targeting by US zip code, data that comes from many internal and external sources and is never accurate; at petabytes, or terabytes, critical elements cannot be found and fixed by hand. Paired with the user's preferred LLM, he says, the platform finds the most important assets, says what is wrong and how to fix it, so budgets are allocated better. He describes 20 years of bad-data backlog left untouched because the manual work was so tedious.
  • Users can work in plain English or deploy generated code. Choudhary says agentic data management supports prompted workflows and drag-and-drop for business users, plus generated code deployed on the platform for advanced users, because the company believes "fingers on keyboard will win". He expects this to become the pattern for maintaining production systems as well as generating code.
Professor G MarketsTrump Trapped as Everything Starts Falling Apart
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Professor G MarketsChina Walks a Dangerous Line as Iran War Escalates
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Professor G MarketsBig Tech Is Now Advising the White House — What Could Go Wrong?
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Dr. Jon KrohnAcceldata CEO: Enterprise Data Will Grow 10X Soon (Ep. 979 with Rohit Choudhary)
synopsis

Rohit Choudhary, co-founder and CEO of Acceldata, ends up arguing that agents will multiply enterprise data far faster than the usual "doubling every year", from four to five times a year now to seven or eight within a couple of years, and that only a single, pipeline-wide metadata layer with automated, operational governance can keep up. Acceldata is named among the episode's sponsors, and the platform he describes is his company's.

From observability to agentic data management. The host credits Choudhary with coining "data observability" in a 2018 Chief Data Officer magazine interview, which he confirms. He says data engineering tools lagged application observability, and Acceldata has since moved from pipeline and quality monitoring to what it calls agentic data management (ADM). His example is a CMO with unreliable zip-code data across terabytes or petabytes: an LLM working over Acceldata's metadata finds the critical data assets, says what is wrong and proposes the fix. Users can work in plain English or deploy generated code, and he says the company believes "fingers on keyboard will win".

Why fix data early. The host quotes Choudhary's claim that fixing data at consumption costs almost a thousand times more than fixing it on entry. Choudhary explains it with braking versus crashing on Highway 101: every pipeline step changes the data, and late discovery brings regulators and unhappy customers. He puts 70–75% of data engineering effort on old problems rather than modernisation.

What AI-ready means. He sets two tests. The first is technical accuracy, which he calls largely solved in the last 5 years. The second is business context: structured facts must comply with the policies held in documents. His credit-score illustration is a 690 borrower given terms for a 760, a mistake agents doing underwriting cannot afford. He expects the backlog of unusable data to become usable for ML and AI within a couple of years.

Humans, governance and tools. Build time can be corrected as you go, he says, but run time serves humans and agents together, so human judgment stays there. He foresees humans managing agents that check other agents, and warns of cognitive overload from the volume of output. Governance must be operational rather than a one-off project, because agents draw on data at every stage. Catalog, master-data and quality tools will converge on one metadata substrate within 5 years, and APM tools built for clicks and microservices do not fit data movement.

People and adoption. In his view clarity of thought, curiosity and domain expertise now matter more than programming skill. He predicts chief AI officer roles fade as AI becomes part of every function. He names three enterprise problems: data, narrowly defined use cases, and adoption. He predicts major enterprise use cases within 12–18 months, after a cloud-style stall. He reads the recent SaaS valuation slump as markets pricing AI revenue today, not future AI, and expects the gap between AI haves and have-nots to widen.

The data explosion and company-building. The 10x case rests on agent activity and on apps buildable in under 20 minutes. Choudhary says creating a category means years of building without traction, as at Hortonworks, Confluent and Databricks, before it becomes a go-to-market problem.

  • Enterprise data growth is outrunning the "doubling every year" rule. Choudhary, CEO of Acceldata (which the episode names among its sponsors), says he now sees enterprise data growing four to five times a year and expects seven to eight times within a couple of years. He attributes it to agents: "10 million agents" querying where a million users once did, plus apps that can now be built and deployed in under 20 minutes.
  • Bad data costs far more to fix at consumption than in the pipeline. The host quotes Choudhary's earlier claim of "almost a thousand times" more expensive, and Choudhary explains it as braking versus crashing: every transformation and copy along the pipeline changes the data, and errors found late bring in regulators and customers. He says 70–75% of data engineering effort today goes on fixing old problems rather than modernisation.
  • AI-ready data must be technically accurate and match business context. The technical layer (numbers are numbers, strings are strings) is "more or less guaranteed" now, in his view. The harder test is whether structured facts comply with policies and procedures held in unstructured documents, which he proposes handling by vectorising the context and checking it against warehouse and lake data.
  • Governance must become operational and run along the whole pipeline. Because agents will query data at every stage, not just the curated consumption layer, Choudhary argues that end-of-pipeline governance is too late. He predicts that separate catalog, master-data and quality tools converge onto one metadata substrate within 5 years, and argues application-monitoring (APM) tools built for clicks and microservices do not fit petabyte-scale data movement.
  • Enterprise AI adoption is about to break through. Choudhary frames enterprise AI as three problems: the right data, narrow use cases that separate deterministic from probabilistic outcomes, and adoption. He predicts "massive use cases" within 12–18 months after a cloud-like stall, and reads the recent fall in SaaS valuations as markets refusing to price "future AI" rather than revenue-generating AI today.
Professor G MarketsThe Definitive Epstein Reporter on the Files, the Money, and the Cover-up — with Julie K. Brown
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Dr. Roman YampolskiyWhat is AI? Expert Explains!
  • AI has moved from narrow systems to general ones. The speaker defines AI as the decades-long effort to automate human cognitive labor, now largely succeeding through large neural networks. Narrow systems were hand-coded by knowledge engineers, and could be superhuman in one domain, like chess engines, while unable to play checkers. AGI adds cross-domain learning. It can be "added to your company" like an employee, and already exceeds most humans in some ways, knowing thousands of languages and hundreds of instruments.
  • AGI scientists would build superintelligence, and that isn't the last step. The speaker defines superintelligence (ASI) as smarter than all humans combined in every domain, possibly "10,000, million times" smarter than anyone who ever lived. Such systems could keep improving themselves, toward "superintelligence 2.0".
Professor G MarketsIs AI Killing Entry-Level Jobs? And Why Senior Care Is Booming
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Dr. Jon KrohnThe Origin Story of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (with Prof. Kyunghyun Cho)
  • RAG grew out of a goal of building an autonomous researcher. Cho says his student Rodrigo Nogueira, sure in 2016 that AI researchers were coming, first trained a reinforcement-learning agent to navigate Wikipedia by following hyperlinks to the page with the answer. Nogueira then concluded that link-by-link navigation could not scale and turned to information retrieval.
  • Neural re-ranking beat older methods and was also efficient. After first using reinforcement learning to rewrite queries for better recall, Nogueira fine-tuned BERT to re-rank retrieved documents, which Cho says "blew everything away". Cho argues this overturned the view that neural nets are accurate but slow and sparse-vector methods inaccurate but fast, given a correct implementation and the right hardware. The host places this in Cho's 2019 paper on re-ranking and multi-stage ranking.
Professor G MarketsTrump’s Economic Playbook Is Failing
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Dr. Jon KrohnHow AI Is Changing How We Teach Machine Learning (with Prof. Kyunghyun Cho)
  • Students should make their coding-agent mistakes in school, not on the job. Cho has rebuilt his NYU undergraduate course, Fundamentals of Machine Learning, last taught in spring 2020 before ChatGPT, around coding agents. His reasoning is that the agents "are not going to go away", so the university should be where students learn to use them and get corrected.
  • Most computer-science juniors and seniors had never installed a coding agent. About 80% of his 200 students had no coding agent or agent IDE on their laptops, and many ran old Windows machines the tools handle poorly. It took a couple of weeks with TAs, free student access from Google and Microsoft, and Lightning AI's free monthly credits to get all 200 set up.
  • Weekly agent-built apps have students building from scratch. Cho lectures on an algorithm on Monday, then builds a complete web app on new data with coding agents, and on Wednesday walks through his full agent transaction log before students implement their own. A third to halfway through the semester he reports students improving week by week, and he cautions it could still turn out "disastrous".
Dr. Jon KrohnWhy AI Needs to Explore the World Like Humans (with Prof. Kyunghyun Cho)
  • Search, lab experiments and robotics are the same exploration problem. Cho argues each is about sample efficiency: rather than testing every possible protein binder or reading every document, a smart algorithm picks a small batch, learns from the feedback and picks the next. Physical robots, in his view, are harder mainly because they are more fragile than software, not because of the algorithms.
  • Whether world models must predict every step is unresolved. Video-generation models such as Sora and Genie bet that high-fidelity imagination yields understanding. The alternative, behind Cho's latent dynamics work and Yann LeCun's JEPA, is that only high-level abstractions are needed, as when planning a Paris trip without imagining the walk to the gate. Step-by-step prediction suits digital computers because its computation is regular, so Cho calls the question open, but he holds that the work will have to happen in latent space rather than pixel space.
AI Analyst LabHow to fix a bad data presentation with Claude Code
synopsis

The lesson argues that most data presentations fail because they show data without an opinion, and it ends on a Claude Code system that diagnoses a bad deck and rebuilds it for a named audience. The presenter opens on a chart-heavy deck and its rebuilt version, then works back through the theory behind the change.

The four checks. A stakeholder skims a deck for 30 seconds and asks for the bottom line. The presenter's checklist is the so-what, the stakes, the evidence and the ask, and a presentation that fails any one leaves the audience confused or unsure what to do next. The quick test is to read only the titles: if they tell the story without the charts, the deck works.

Audience and structure. The checklist holds for every room, but depth changes: four to six slides or a one-pager for a VP, six to eight for product and engineering leads, more detail for one's own team. Every story runs situation, finding, implication and ask, and the presenter says bad decks are mostly situation. The last mile is cutting: a slide stays only if it supports the finding, answers an expected objection or makes the stakes concrete, and the rest goes to the appendix however long it took.

The demo. The Claude Code system is a "presentation doctor" agent with a deck parser, a deck critique scoring each slide on the four checks, a story extractor and a slide transformer, plus separate creator and reviewer agents for Google Slides and Docs. On a 14-slide Hawaii tourism deck it gave a grade of D, an average of 2.1 of 12 and 0 of 4 checks met. It surfaced the buried story, that domestic spend fell 11% and is 78% of revenue, and rebuilt the deck to about seven main slides plus an appendix, adding recommendations framed as hypothesis, experiment, cost, impact and confidence. The run used a Markdown deck rendered to PDF, split into steps that the presenter says can be one prompt.

Q&A. A host argues for spending time on bespoke systems rather than on integration problems the frontier labs will solve, and a co-host cites a reported leak that day of an Anthropic model called "Mythos" said to be a step change over Opus. The host prefers a $200-a-month subscription to the API, which he reckons would have cost about $5,000, and has Claude write a journal entry to a git-ignored YAML file at each milestone so context can be cleared and old work picked up later. The presenter builds skills only where Claude needs handholding, which Sonnet needs more than Opus.

  • A data story needs four checks, and titles alone must carry it. The presenter's checklist is the so-what (the finding stated in one sentence, a finding not a label), the stakes for the audience rather than for the analyst, the evidence (two or three data points, not a pile of charts) and the ask (a clear action or decision). The test is to read only the slide titles: "revenue overview" says nothing, while "revenue dropped 7% and display ads are the cause" gives the finding, the magnitude and the culprit.
  • The audience changes the depth, not the checklist. The presenter's guide is four to six slides or a one-pager for a VP, leading with the yes-or-no decision; six to eight slides with some methodology for product and engineering leads; and the most detail for one's own data team. The figures are averages that move with the time available.
  • Bad decks are all situation, with no implication or ask. Every story should run situation, finding, implication (revenue, risk, opportunity) and ask. Cutting is the hard last mile: a chart that took hours goes to the appendix if it does not move the story, and stays only if it supports the finding, answers an objection the audience will raise, or makes the stakes concrete.
  • The presenter's Claude Code agent graded a bad deck D and rebuilt it. The system is a "presentation doctor" agent with a deck parser, a deck critique that scores each slide on the four checks and flags anti-patterns, a story extractor that finds one to three buried stories, and a slide transformer: two agents, three skills and one helper file for Markdown, with separate creator and reviewer agents for Google Slides and Docs because Claude Code lays those out poorly on a first pass. On a 14-slide Hawaii tourism deck it gave the title slide 0/12, the deck an average of 2.1/12, 0 of 4 checks met and no ask, and found the buried story: domestic spend dropped 11% and makes up 78% of revenue. Rebuilt for product and engineering leaders, the deck came down to about seven main slides plus an appendix, with finding-led titles and recommendations framed as hypothesis, experiment, cost, impact and confidence. The demo ran on a Markdown deck exported to PDF, not on Google Slides, and was split into steps for teaching, though the presenter says one prompt can run it all.
  • The hosts advise building bespoke systems, not fixing generic friction. A host argues that frontier labs will solve obvious pain points such as Google or PowerPoint integration, so time is better spent customizing systems to one's own stakeholders; a co-host mentions a leak that morning of an Anthropic model called "Mythos" said to be a step change over Opus. In Q&A the host says that for individual use a $200-a-month subscription beats the API, which by his own math would have cost about $5,000. He also has Claude write a journal entry to a git-ignored YAML file at milestones before each commit, so context can be cleared and old work resumed. The presenter writes skills only for workflows where Claude needs handholding, and says Sonnet needs more of it than Opus.
Professor G MarketsScott’s Greatest Legacy and Why Your 20s Are Overrated
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Professor G MarketsAre We Still Fighting the “Axis of Evil” in Iran? — with David Frum
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Professor G MarketsPolitical Spending Is the Best Investment in America
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Professor G MarketsThe AI Divide: Who Wins and Who Gets Replaced — with Bill Gurley
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Dr. Jon KrohnA Post-Transformer Architecture Crushes Sudoku (Transformers Solve ~0%) #978 with Jon Krohn
  • A post-transformer architecture solves hard Sudoku that leading LLMs cannot. On Pathway's own Sudoku Extreme benchmark of roughly 250,000 of the hardest puzzles, the host reports BDH at 97.4% accuracy against effectively 0% for o3-mini, DeepSeek-R1 and Claude 3.7 Sonnet. Pathway also reports roughly 10 times lower cost than those models, with no chain of thought.
  • The host argues transformers fail because they reason through narrow text. Next-token generation locks in each decision as it goes, holds about a thousand floating-point values per token in its latent state, and cannot keep candidate strategies in parallel or backtrack without verbalising. He presents the result as the quantitative evidence for the ceiling that Pathway's Adrian Kosowski argued in episode 929, where attention-head dimensions stopped scaling at around a thousand.
  • BDH works through sparse activations, persistent state and continual learning. As the host relays Pathway's description, only about 5% of BDH's neurons fire at once. It is a state-based model like Mamba with Hebbian-style updates in place of attention over the full input. Pathway says it can reach advanced-beginner level at a new game in as little as 20 minutes.
  • The host reads Sudoku as a proxy for real constraint problems. In his view the skill of holding possibilities in parallel and backtracking carries over to medicine, law and operations planning, which Pathway calls "generative strategy". His caveat is that BDH has been shown only at about a billion parameters, comparable to GPT-2, with no frontier-scale model released. He still calls the gap "categorical" and evidence that transformer limits are real.
Professor G MarketsHow Do We Fix America’s Tax Problem? — with Senator Cory Booker
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Professor G MarketsTrump’s “War of Choice” is Causing Chaos and Danger — with Sen. Mark Warner
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Dr. Jon KrohnWhy Intelligence Is Just Information Processing (with Prof. Kyunghyun Cho)
  • Problems requiring intelligence get easier when framed as information processing. Cho's example is molecular biology: modelled atom by atom it is intractable, but viewed as information flowing through genes into proteins, which create or delete it at each layer, it becomes tractable with centuries of thinking about information. On that view the brain is a computer in the sense that it processes sensory input into motor output, not in the traditional sense.
  • Current AI has partly found the right abstraction for capturing correlations. Asked whether progress has been incremental since his 2018 remark about "a very, very small step", Cho says it is moving very fast. Today's systems capture correlations in massive data efficiently, so more data yields better models, but he adds that correlation "is always just one side of the coin".
Professor G MarketsWho Made $60M Right After Trump’s Iran Post?
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AI Analyst LabHow to make better charts in Claude Code with chart skills
synopsis

Shane spends the lesson live in Claude Code, with no slides, to show that the same model, data and prompts give markedly better charts when run inside a harness of visualization skills and review agents. The analysis builds, chart by chart, to a licensing recommendation for a fictional head of content, and the lesson ends on how he validates the numbers and how he exports the work to a document.

Vanilla against harness. Two terminals run the same prompts on a Kaggle data set of 953 Spotify songs: one in an empty directory, one in the lab's open-source AI Analyst repo. The scenario is a head of content with a quarter's licensing budget asking what music has staying power. On top artists the numbers matched, but the harness version came out only slightly cleaner because it had skipped its own workflow. Asked for an ASCII diagram of what it should have done, it listed the skipped steps: the visualization pattern skills, the chart maker agent, the visual design critic. Redone, the chart had one highlighted bar, grayed peers, a takeaway title and direct labels.

Finding the story. On audio trends from 2010 to 2023, the harness led with falling valence, 18 points since 2014, where the vanilla chart gave three equal colored lines. Shane notes that the story shifts between runs, that its axis choice was one he would change, and that one prompt re-centered the chart on danceability. On danceability against streams both versions found no link, and the harness added a Pearson correlation of about −0.11.

Building the recommendation. Restarting with code saved beside each chart, the system found the top 50 songs less danceable, less energetic, moodier and more acoustic than the rest, while danceability of new releases rose 20 points from 2015 to 2023. Forty of the top 100 were low-danceability or low-energy outliers. Its recommendation was mid-tempo, emotionally weighty tracks at 45–65% danceability and valence under 50%, against new releases converging at 71%, following the context, tension, outliers, recommendation sequence built into the agents.

Validation. Asked how he checks the numbers, Shane says the human is accountable: the LLM never creates a figure, code does, and that code is kept for review. He backtests on past analyses with known answers, which he says has caught his own old mistakes. The live export to a Google Doc over MCP made a new document by mistake, bolded all the text and did not produce the code toggle he wanted, which he says works in Notion.

Q&A. A co-host explains skills as reusable plain-English Markdown instructions usable across Anthropic's products. Shane keeps skills together when they are used together and splits a component that is reused alone, and he favors HTML that updates live for long exploratory runs and documents over decks when the code must be shown.

  • The same model makes better charts inside a harness of chart skills. Shane ran identical prompts on a Kaggle Spotify data set of 953 songs in vanilla Claude Code and in the lab's open-source AI Analyst repo, which carries visualization standards, chart helpers, themes (minimalist, New York Times, Economist, corporate) and a design-review step. The harness version highlights one bar or line and grays the rest, puts the takeaway in the title, labels directly and uses an off-white background. On the first chart the system skipped its own workflow; asked for an ASCII diagram of what it should have done (visualization pattern skills, a chart maker agent, a visual design critic agent that approves or sends back for revision), it named what it skipped and redid the chart. Shane says that outside a demo he would also ask it why it strayed and have it fix the gaps.
  • The system picks the story, so it can pick a different one. On audio trends from 2010 to 2023, the harness titled its chart "popular music is getting sadder," with valence down 18 points since 2014, while the vanilla chart showed three colored lines with markers and gridlines. Shane notes the run he did the day before led on danceability instead, that the harness zoomed to a 30–80% axis he would rather start at zero, and that one prompt re-centered the chart on danceability. He uses it for exploratory analysis to find stories, not to send charts straight to stakeholders.
  • In the demo, the most-streamed songs were less danceable, not more. The harness reported a Pearson correlation of about −0.11 between danceability and streams; the top 50 songs were less danceable, less energetic, lower in valence and more acoustic than the rest. Danceability of new releases rose 20 points from 2015 to 2023, and 40 of the top 100 songs were outliers below 55% danceability or with low energy. Its three-sentence recommendation to the fictional head of content was to license emotionally weighty mid-tempo tracks with danceability of 45–65% and valence below 50%, against new releases converging at 71%. Shane says the agents are built to go context, tension, outliers, recommendation.
  • The analyst stays accountable, and only code creates the numbers. Shane's rule is that the LLM never produces a figure: every number comes from Python or SQL that is saved beside its chart for review, which removes hallucinated numbers but not wrong code. He also backtests the system on past analyses with known answers, which he says has turned up errors in his own earlier work. A live export of the analysis to a Google Doc over MCP first created a new document by mistake, set all body text in bold, and put the code under each chart without the collapsible toggle he wanted; he says Notion handles that toggle well.
  • Bundle skills that are used together and split those reused alone. That is Shane's rule of thumb in Q&A, along with asking Claude whether its skills pushed it off course. A co-host describes a skill as a plain-English Markdown file of reusable instructions that works across Anthropic's products, including Claude Cowork and chat. Shane moved the repo's output from decks to documents to make room for the code, and uses HTML that updates as it goes for long-running exploration.
Professor G MarketsFor Trump, the Iran War is about “Insider Trading” — with Anthony Scaramucci
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Professor G MarketsREPLAY: Notes on Notes on Being a Man
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Dr. Jon KrohnHow Attention was Invented for Neural Networks (with Prof. Kyunghyun Cho)
  • He took up machine translation on his supervisor's hunch, untrained in NLP. After joining Bengio's lab in Montreal in August 2013, when it had about 35 to 40 people against Mila's roughly 1,500 now, Cho picked machine translation from four options. Bengio told him it was the next problem to tackle. Cho read textbooks and old papers rather than many recent ones, citing Geoff Hinton's warning that past papers impose constraints that may no longer hold.
  • Early neural translation stalled on hard-to-train, hard-to-scale recurrent networks. Cho describes the problem as underfitting: gated connections helped, but the sequential nature of recurrent nets blocked scaling. He says a Google team led by Ilya Sutskever executed a similar idea far better on eight GPUs in one machine while his group used one.
  • University labs should improve algorithms, not chase data and compute. Cho names three ways to scale a system: more data, which he leaves to companies; more compute; or algorithms that change the slope of the scaling law. Only the third suits universities in his view, and it cannot be done systematically, because it needs an "aha moment".
  • The attention idea was obviously right on first hearing. Dzmitry Bahdanau, a master's intern Bengio sent to Cho, described the prototype of attention one morning, and Cho says he sensed halfway through that it would work. Bahdanau had it running in three to four days. Cho adds that variable-length language sequences made vanishing gradients much worse than in vision or speech.
Professor G MarketsIs the Oil Crisis About to Break Global Supply Chains?
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Professor G MarketsTrump’s War is Already Out of Control — with Ian Bremmer and Dan Senor
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Professor G MarketsApple Doubles Down on China as Trump Blinks
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Dr. Jon KrohnAttention Co-Inventor: AI's Next Leap Isn't More Data (Ep. 977 with Kyunghyun Cho)
synopsis

Kyunghyun Cho, co-director of NYU's Global AI Frontier Lab and co-author of the 2014 neural machine translation paper that introduced attention, ends up arguing that the next step change in AI will not come from more data or compute. It will come from algorithms that actively choose what data to collect, built on models already trained broadly enough to know what is worth looking for. He is candid that he cannot say where this leads, and expects the change to feel less dramatic in hindsight than it looks in prospect.

The lab and its people. Cho co-directs the Global AI Frontier Lab with Yann LeCun. It is funded by the Korean government with NYU and hosts researchers from seven Korean institutions for visits of 3 to 12 months, with about 11 NYU principal investigators involved. He contrasts research cultures: isolated grinding in Korea, isolated work-life balance in Finland, and collective, international work in North America, which he calls the US's "superpower". He recalls telling his PhD student William Falcon that a startup and a PhD are each "200% jobs" and to take leave instead. The host puts Lightning AI's ARR at over $500 million.

How attention came about. Cho joined Yoshua Bengio's lab in August 2013, when it had about 35 to 40 people against Mila's roughly 1,500 today, and chose machine translation from Bengio's options despite having no NLP training. Recurrent networks underfitted and would not scale, and a Google team led by Ilya Sutskever executed a similar idea far better on eight GPUs. Cho names three levers for scaling: data, which he leaves to companies; compute; and algorithms that change the slope of the scaling law, the only one he thinks suits universities and one that needs an "aha moment". That moment came from intern Dzmitry Bahdanau, whose attention prototype Cho sensed would work halfway through hearing it, and which ran within three to four days. With a 50,000-word vocabulary and unknown tokens, the model translated "[unknown] Korea" as South Korea beside "friend of the United States" and North Korea beside "enemy". From this Cho concluded the models held knowledge drawn from WMT news and parliamentary data, not just translation skill.

Intelligence as information processing. Revisiting his 2018 remark that brains are biologically implemented computers, Cho says progress is "moving very fast". Problems that look like they need intelligence become tractable when framed as information flow, as with genes and proteins in biology. Current AI has partly found the right abstraction for capturing correlations, but "correlation is always just one side of the coin".

Sample efficiency reframed. The host raises dogs that learn a trick from one example. Cho answers that asking for the same performance from less passive data only makes sense for bad algorithms. Modern transformers already capture most correlations in a given dataset, and low perplexity shows it. The question becomes active: with the same budget, which data should be collected so that rare, important events turn up more often? Doing that requires a world model, which is why RL tuning works only after massive pre-training, and the purposeful data then feeds back into the general pool. He treats protein-binder screening, iterative web search and robotics as one problem, with physical work harder mainly because the physical world is fragile.

World models. Video models such as Sora and Genie bet that high-fidelity imagination yields understanding. Cho's 2025 ICML-workshop best paper with LeCun on latent dynamics, and LeCun's JEPA, bet on high-level abstraction, like planning a Paris trip without imagining the walk to the gate. He calls the choice unclear, since step-by-step prediction suits digital hardware, but says the work must move into latent space.

Teaching and retrieval. In his undergraduate course about 80% of 200 computer-science students had never installed a coding agent, so Cho now builds one app a week with agents and has students follow. He traces RAG-style re-ranking to student Rodrigo Nogueira's 2016 goal of an autonomous researcher, a goal that led to fine-tuned BERT re-ranking. He values models that see across fields no single human can master.

  • The next leap needs active data collection, not more passive data. Cho argues that large transformers already capture nearly all correlations in any given dataset, as shown by very low validation perplexity, so "sample efficiency" on passive data is the wrong question. The real problem is choosing which data to collect on a fixed budget so that rare "aha" events occur more often and perhaps systematically.
  • Active exploration depends on a model already trained massively on passive data. In Cho's view a model must already know how the world works to recognise what is worth collecting, which he says is why RL tuning works only after broad pre-training. He describes a loop: purposeful data joins the general pile and becomes the base for the next round. Drug-binder screening, web search and robotics are, to him, the same problem.
  • Attention began as an intern's idea that was obviously right. Cho recounts joining Yoshua Bengio's lab of about 35 to 40 people in 2013 and taking up machine translation on Bengio's hunch, after recurrent networks stalled while a Google team led by Ilya Sutskever ran a similar system on eight GPUs. Intern Dzmitry Bahdanau described attention one morning and had it working in three to four days. A demo that translated "[unknown] Korea is a friend of the United States" as South Korea and "an enemy" as North Korea showed Cho the models held world knowledge.
  • Whether world models need step-by-step imagination remains open. Video generators such as Sora and Genie bet on high-fidelity prediction. Cho's latent-dynamics work with Yann LeCun, which won a best paper award at a 2025 ICML workshop, and LeCun's JEPA bet on high-level abstraction instead. Cho says step-by-step prediction suits digital hardware, but holds that the work must happen in latent rather than pixel space, adding that he has "been wrong many times".
  • Most of his computer-science students had never installed a coding agent. About 80% of the 200 had none, so Cho has rebuilt his NYU undergraduate course around agent-built apps on the view that students should make their mistakes in school rather than on the job. He says education must change fast enough that the 99% who are not "100X engineers" benefit too.
Professor G Markets$1T Moved on Iran “Talks” — Did They Even Happen?
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Professor G MarketsTrump Sends ICE into Airports and Sparks Chaos as Markets Swing Wild — with Rep. Sarah McBride
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Professor G MarketsWhy the Grifter Economy Is Booming, Raising Money-Smart Kids, and Forming Your Own Opinions
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Professor G MarketsWATCH: The Next Inflation Wave Is Already Here
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Dr. Jon KrohnThe Doctor Is No Longer the Smartest Person in the Room (with Zack Kass)
  • The four principles for the AI era are deliberately non-technical. Kass's are go outside, learn how to learn, be human, and lead with optimism, and he notes that some first-edition copies carry a different pair of principles. "Learn how to learn" means the ability to acquire skills matters more than any single skill.
  • Device addiction, not technology itself, broke the link between prosperity and happiness. Kass says happiness tracked standard of living for nearly all of history until around 2010. Japan and Korea are now among the wealthiest and least happy nations, with device-driven reclusiveness contributing to population decline. He insists this is no indictment of anesthesia, engines or antibiotics, only possibly of social media and screens.
  • People doubt they will work less because they have forgotten free time. When people tell Kass technology will only make them work more, he asks to see their screen time, and most react with shame or refuse. He wants technology aimed at cutting the cost of housing, health care and education, not only discretionary goods.
  • Service professionals are now chosen for human qualities, not results. In Kass's account, clients picked wealth managers and real estate agents for alpha in 1995, still believed the best could beat the market in 2005, and by 2025 mostly accept they cannot. Wealth managers now get fired for not picking up the phone, and agents for being annoying.
  • Once machines out-diagnose doctors, bedside manner becomes the product. At his father's lifetime-achievement award after 40 years in oncology, during which breast cancer survival rose from 35% to 90%, a patient said she got identical prognoses from three oncologists, so "the doctor was no longer the smartest thing in the room". Kass concludes that if oncology can be cognitively commoditised, people will have to compete on compassion, courage and wisdom, and that the "ambient dread" about this comes from overexposure to negative news.
Dr. Jon KrohnWhy the Classroom Must Change in the Age of AI (with Zack Kass)
  • The author now sees his book as written for parents. Kass says he wrote The Next Renaissance to test his own arguments. After 37,000 copies sold in its first month, he concluded its audience is anyone raising a child who wants evidence to defend their hope against a "relentlessly dystopian" news backdrop.
  • Schools should hold parents, teachers and students accountable for outcomes. Kass credits Eva Moskowitz with building Success Academy, a charter network in New York on accountability principles that he says does "a much better job". He calls it roughly the largest such school system in the country.
  • Self-guided screen learning for part of the day works for some students. Under McKenzie Price's Alpha School model, with two hours a day at a terminal, students in the same grade learn different things at their own pace on a terminal, with "guides" rather than teachers, and spend the remaining five or six hours on physical activity and life skills. Kass, a friend and supporter of Price, notes its higher attrition rate and says some students opt out immediately.
  • Childhood should be a chance to know yourself free of economic incentives. Drawing on Rudolf Steiner, Kass argues industrial schooling sacrificed the child's "soul and spirit" to job preparation, a trade he concedes paid off economically. With intelligence abundant, he says, the teacher's role is to inspire rather than be the smartest person in the room, and he frames the next renaissance partly as a spiritual awakening that starts in the classroom.
AI Analyst LabHow to analyze A/B test results with Claude and Claude Code
synopsis

The lesson argues that reading an A/B test off a dashboard misses most of what an experiment can show, and it ends on a demo in which an apparently clean 14% win turns out to carry a churn risk for new users, found only by the segment step that rushed teams skip. The presenter teaches it, while the hosts watch the chat. The analysis runs first in the Claude web app and then as one prompt through Claude Code agents.

The lifecycle. The presenter sets the "green ships, red kills" habit against a lifecycle: why, design, power, run, analyze, decide and ramp. A hypothesis must say why the change should work ("we believe… because…"), and it names one north-star metric and one guardrail. The running example tests regional playlists on a fictional service, Streamflow, with streams per user as north star and churn as guardrail, on a data set the presenter generated.

Power and its absence. At 5% significance and 80% power the design calls for 6 weeks and 25,000 users. A 5% lift needs about 6 weeks, a 3% lift 16, and 12,500 users per arm reaches exactly 80% power at a 5% effect. The free repo's design skill drew these as a feasibility curve and a power-sensitivity matrix. Skip the step and teams run too short, peek and ship on day three, and cannot read a null result.

Running, deciding, ramping. During the run the presenter checks sample ratio mismatch and novelty effects. At the decision, a significant but tiny lift may not justify its complexity. Changes that matter ramp through 5, 25, 50 and 100% with a holdout kept, because engagement gains can reach revenue only over months. Eight questions separate good analysis from great, and the segment cut is the one most often skipped.

The demo. The checks passed, with weeks five and six flagged. The t-test gave a significant 14% lift, which the presenter calls the point where many would announce a winner. The segments showed churn worsening for new users and improving for existing ones. The ROI step valued the existing-user gain at 53,700 users and $11.8 million of lifetime value, and 21 times infrastructure cost with the churn benefit zeroed, so it advised shipping to existing users only. The presenter adds that the column names must be defined, and that some segment-level calls cannot be built in practice, so a person decides. In Claude Code an analyzer agent, a readout agent and a Google Doc agent produced the same readout plus a rough deck. The full workflow was not yet in the free repo.

Validation. Asked how to trust it for a CEO report, Shane says the analyst is accountable. He backtests on past analyses, keeps the code beside the results, and points to Karpathy's "auto research" loop for anyone with a few hundred ground-truth experiments. The presenter would make metric owners accountable for the skills' context and review junior work until nearly every review passes.

  • Treat an experiment as a lifecycle, not a traffic light. The presenter's complaint is the "green means ship, red means kill" dashboard read; the lifecycle runs why, design, power, run, analyze, decide and ramp. A hypothesis takes the form "we believe this change will impact this metric because of this reason", where the "because" forces a mechanism, and pairs one north-star metric with one guardrail. The running example, on a data set the presenter generated, tests regional playlists on a fictional "Streamflow" service, with streams per user as north star and churn rate as guardrail.
  • Skipping power analysis leads to peeking and unreadable nulls. Using the usual 5% significance and 80% power, the design came to 6 weeks and 25,000 users, since 12,500 per arm hits exactly 80% power at a 5% effect; a 5% lift needs about 6 weeks and a 3% lift 16. Without it, the presenter says, teams run too short, ship noise after spotting significance on day three, and cannot tell a true null from an underpowered one. The free repo's design skill generated the feasibility curve and power-sensitivity matrix shown.
  • Statistical significance is not a ship decision, and segments are skipped most. While running, check sample ratio mismatch and novelty effects; at decision time, weigh practical significance against added complexity. Changes that affect the wider product should ramp gradually (5%, 25%, 50%, 100%) and keep a holdout, because, the presenter says from experience, engagement wins can show up in revenue only over about six months. Of eight analysis questions, the segment cut is the one teams rushing for quarter-end wins most often skip.
  • The demo's 14% "winner" hid a churn risk for new users. Run step by step in the Claude web app, the analysis passed the ratio-mismatch, balance and duration checks, flagging weeks five and six, then found a statistically significant 14% lift. The segment step found the churn guardrail degraded for new users while existing users improved, with a Simpson's paradox noted. The ROI step put the existing-user gain at 53,700 users and $11.8 million of lifetime value, still 21 times infrastructure cost when the churn benefit is zeroed out, and recommended shipping per segment. The presenter warns that undocumented column names get guessed at, and that some per-segment calls, such as excluding the Pacific region, may be impractical: the system does 80–90% of the work and a person makes the call. In Claude Code one prompt chained an experiment analyzer agent, an experiment readout agent and a Google Doc creator agent; the full workflow was not yet in the free repo, and the deck export was still rough.
  • Validate against past ground truth and fix the system on errors. Shane says the human is accountable for AI results: he backtests on past analyses and puts the Python and SQL into Notion beside the results. With, say, 300 past experiments as ground truth, he suggests Karpathy's "auto research" loop, which repeatedly scores the system, analyzes its errors and rebuilds its skills and agents. The presenter would make area or metric owners accountable for the skills' context, and review junior analysts' output until 95–99% of reviews pass. On a mistake, both say to ask Claude why it erred and what in the system must change.
Dr. Jon KrohnThe K-Curve: How AI Will Change Human Potential (with Zack Kass)
  • Technology is splitting young people into a K-curve of over- and underperformers. Kass says Gen Z appears to be the first generation in many that will "die dumber on average" than its predecessor, yet it will have nearly a standard deviation higher occurrence of genius, with the developing world trending up. He cites a US high-schooler, one of the fastest women in the world, who he says taught herself on YouTube.
  • Agency, not wealth or pedigree, now decides which arm you join. In Kass's view parents' money, where you grew up and which college you attend matter less and less. The tools that let some do nothing let others reach advantages they would never otherwise have had.
  • Gen Z's decline predates AI and should not be blamed on it. Kass dates it to screen addiction from 2012, made pronounced during COVID, and to adults ceasing to make children uncomfortable, citing Jonathan Haidt's The Coddling of the American Mind. He calls for schools to teach the why and how rather than the what, citing Waldorf, Montessori, Alpha School and Success Academy's accountability as models.
Professor G MarketsDEEP DIVE: The Economics Behind Falling Birth Rates
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Professor G MarketsTrump Triggers Economic Chaos as War Costs Skyrocket
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Professor G MarketsIs AI Killing Advertising? & Scott’s Best Financial Decision
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Professor G MarketsWATCH: The 35% Recession Warning Markets Are Ignoring — with Ed Yardeni
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Dr. Jon KrohnNVIDIA’s Nemotron 3 Super: The Perfect LLM for Multi-Agent Systems (Ep. 976 with Jon Krohn)
  • The new open model pairs large capacity with small active compute. The host reports that NVIDIA's open-weights Nemotron 3 Super, announced around its GTC conference, has 120 billion parameters with only 12 billion active per token through mixture of experts. It interleaves Mamba state-space layers, which make its 1 million token context practical, with a few attention layers kept for precise retrieval.
  • Two new techniques buy more experts and faster decoding. NVIDIA's "latent MoE" compresses tokens before routing, which NVIDIA says lets the model consult four times as many experts for the cost of one. Multi-token prediction heads act as a built-in draft model for speculative decoding, giving up to a three times speedup on code and tool calls. The model was pre-trained natively in 4-bit NVFP4, which NVIDIA says runs up to four times faster on Blackwell than FP8 on Hopper, with no accuracy loss.
  • The host frames the model as aimed at multi-agent systems' two bottlenecks. These are "context explosion", where multi-agent workflows generate up to 15 times more tokens than chat and drift from their goal, and the "thinking tax" of reasoning at every step. On an 8,000-in, 64,000-out benchmark he reports up to 2.2 times the throughput of GPT-OSS 120B and 7.5 times that of Qwen 3.5 122B, at matching or better accuracy. He also reports that it put NVIDIA's AI-Q agent first on DeepResearch Bench and DeepResearch Bench II.
  • The release includes training data and environments, not just weights. The host lists, from NVIDIA, over 10 trillion tokens of pre- and post-training data, 15 reinforcement learning environments, and full evaluation recipes, all under a permissive commercial license. He names early adopters including Perplexity, CodeRabbit, Greptile, Siemens, Palantir and Cadence. Disclosing that he holds a fellowship at Lightning AI, he cites Artificial Analysis data putting Lightning fastest among inference providers at 480 tokens per second at the time of recording.
Professor G MarketsWhat Life After Trump Could Look Like — with Pete Buttigieg
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Professor G MarketsCan Journalism Survive AI? — with NYT CEO Meredith Kopit Levien
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Dr. Jon KrohnWhat the Printing Press Teaches Us About AI Today (with Zack Kass)
  • Past technology spread slowly because institutions could block it. Kass says Gutenberg's printing press was illegal by order of the church for a long period, so long that Gutenberg died without knowing it would matter, and global literacy lagged until the 19th century. He argues that people today, though "scrambled by distrust", have more intellectual sovereignty than ever, since earlier generations heard a war's story from a single reporter.
  • Removing hardship also removed useful friction, a mark of affluence. Kass's "Idiocracy" argument is that convenience lets people choose to stop thinking, just as nobody needs to drive a stick shift. He welcomes the lost hardship but expects society to restore some "virtuous friction", such as requiring children to read well even though they don't have to.
Professor G MarketsWATCH: Your Bills Are About to Go Up — The Fed Can’t Stop It
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Professor G MarketsTrump’s Toxic Mass Deportation Agenda on the Hot Seat at Mullin Hearing - with Rep. Maxwell Frost
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Dr. Jon KrohnAre We Entering an AI-Driven Renaissance? (with Zack Kass)
  • Abundant, cheap intelligence will free individuals as the Renaissance did. Kass, formerly OpenAI's head of go-to-market, wanted to call his book Unmetered Intelligence, the idea that intelligence will feel like a resource. His comparison is the Renaissance, which followed the late Middle Ages, when he says half the population was lost, and which produced the idea of the sovereign individual.
  • Falling model costs mean data-centre owners will not control access. Kass argues models are getting cheap as well as good and already run well on local hardware: he runs Kimi K2 on his Mac Studio. He says this improves privacy and security and widens what individuals can do, while conceding that it also empowers bad actors, as Renaissance-era technology made war more catastrophic.
Professor G MarketsWATCH: Nvidia Says $1T Is Coming — The Market Isn’t Buying It
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